The firebombing of Dresden commenced with a coordinated aerial attack by the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces, targeting the city in February 1945. The strategic choice to bomb Dresden stemmed from its significance as a transportation hub, and the Allies believed that targeting the city would hinder the movement of German troops and supplies. Initial bombings began in the evening of February 13, continuing into the early hours of February 14. The drops of high-explosive and incendiary bombs ignited urban areas, creating firestorms that consumed much of the historic city, resulting in overwhelming heat and destruction.

Dresden, known for its cultural architecture and art, had previously been regarded as a safe refuge for civilians fleeing the conflict, leading to a significant civilian presence during the bombing. The aftermath revealed a catastrophic loss of life, with estimates of casualties ranging from tens of thousands to over 200,000. The destruction of cultural landmarks, including the Frauenkirche and the Zwinger Palace, raised debates about the morality and necessity of the bombings, especially given that World War II was nearing its conclusion.

In the following days, additional air raids compounded the devastation, further solidifying Dresden's place in wartime history. The firebombings marked a pivotal moment in the discussion around targeting populated urban centers in warfare and set a precedent for future military strategies. The horror of Dresden served as a stark reminder of the destructive power of modern warfare and the tragic toll on civilian populations caught in conflicts.