The USS Philadelphia was a United States Navy frigate that fell into the hands of Barbary pirates after being captured on October 31, 1803. The ship had run aground while patrolling the coast near Tripoli, and its capture served as a significant blow to American naval forces and commerce. In response, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur was tasked with a daring covert operation to retrieve and destroy the frigate to prevent its use by the enemy. Leading a small party of about 60 men, Decatur and his crew planned a surprise raid on February 16, 1804.

Under the cover of darkness, Decatur's forces stealthily approached the USS Philadelphia, which was docked in Tripoli harbor. They utilized a captured Tripolitan vessel, called the Intrepid, to gain access to the frigate. Upon boarding, they encountered a small guard but engaged in a fierce firefight, swiftly overpowering them. After successfully taking control of the ship, Decatur and his men set fire to the Philadelphia, ensuring the vessel could not be used against the United States.

The mission was not only successful but also demonstrated the effectiveness of the American Navy in conducting surprise operations. Decatur's actions became emblematic of the United States' resolve to confront piracy in the Mediterranean and helped to bolster American morale. This event also laid the groundwork for future military engagements against Barbary States, influencing naval strategy and foreign policy.