Léon M'ba, who had been the first president of Gabon following its independence from France in 1960, faced increasing political unrest during his tenure. Rising discontent among various factions, including the military and opposition groups, culminated in a coup led by Jean-Hilaire Aubame, a notable political rival. On February 17, 1964, military forces seized control of key government buildings in Libreville, signaling the beginning of a new political order. Aubame, capitalizing on M'ba’s declining popularity and perceived authoritarianism, was swiftly installed as the new president. This power shift was marked by initial military support but also reflected broader patterns of instability across newly independent African states influenced by both domestic discontent and Cold War dynamics.

The coup was not merely a power struggle; it was indicative of the complex interplay between leadership, military influence, and popular sentiment in postcolonial Africa. The new regime under Aubame sought to reshape Gabon's political landscape, continuing to grapple with the challenges of governance, national identity, and economic development. Despite the coup, Aubame’s government soon faced its challenges, including a coup attempt, highlighting the persistent instability in the region. This period underscored the often tenuous nature of power in newly formed nations, with leaders frequently at risk of being overthrown as new coalitions emerged.

The geopolitical implications of this coup were significant, as it reflected the shifting allegiances within African nations during the Cold War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were keenly interested in the political outcomes of these countries, offering support to various factions based on strategic interests. As Gabon transitioned from M'ba's leadership to Aubame's, it illustrated the broader narrative of power struggles and the quest for legitimacy that defined much of Africa's postcolonial history.