The Nanking Safety Zone, established in late 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, served as a refuge for thousands of Chinese civilians fleeing the brutality of the Japanese forces in Nanking. As the situation escalated, with widespread atrocities committed against the population, the International Committee managing this zone faced immense pressure to provide safety and support. On February 18, 1938, the committee was renamed the Nanking International Rescue Committee, highlighting an urgent shift in its mission amid the growing chaos that characterized the massacre.

The rebranding reflected not only the dire state of safety for those within the zone but also the international community's attempt to adapt to the deteriorating circumstances. Reports of violence intensified, and the refugee population surged as families sought shelter from the rampant killings, looting, and other forms of violence perpetrated by Japanese troops. Despite the intentions behind establishing the safety zone, the influx of refugees and lack of resources led to significant challenges, ultimately undermining the zone’s effectiveness as a safe haven.

As external pressures intensified, the committee struggled to maintain order and provide basic necessities for those seeking refuge. Furthermore, the safety zone's collapse highlighted the complexities of international humanitarian efforts amid warfare, raising questions about the effectiveness of neutral territories in conflict zones and the responsibilities of the international community in protecting civilians.