The Second Battle of Guararapes occurred in a region vital to Brazil's sugar production, where the Dutch West India Company had established significant control over trade and territory. The battle pitted forces led by André Vidal de Negreiros and other Portuguese commanders against a well-armed Dutch army. The conflict was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics employed by the Portuguese, which included the mobilization of non-military personnel such as Indigenous warriors and enslaved Africans, effectively transforming the nature of the fight. This cooperative resistance was noteworthy as it helped unify disparate groups in defense of their homeland.

The battle was fought in the hilly terrain of Guararapes, where the Portuguese forces were able to leverage their familiarity with the landscape against the Dutch. The decisive victory at Guararapes demoralized the Dutch and led to a withdrawal from their strongholds in Brazil. Over the following years, the Dutch would lose their remaining claims, culminating in the cessation of their colonial endeavors in the region.

In addition, the battle had long-lasting effects on Brazilian identity and resistance movements. The successful defense against the Dutch became a symbol of national pride and resistance against foreign domination. It laid the groundwork for the eventual Brazilian independence movement, as it helped to foster a spirit of unity among the diverse populations of Brazil, including Portuguese colonists, Indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans.