The creation of Mariehamn was a decisive moment for the Åland Islands, serving as the administrative and cultural hub of the archipelago. Founded in 1861, it was envisioned as a town to accommodate the growing population and to serve as a focal point for trade, particularly given its strategic maritime location. Mounting interest in the islands during the 19th century, coupled with advancements in nautical technology, prompted this initiative to lay down a town that could harness the burgeoning maritime economy efficiently.

The name 'Mariehamn' pays homage to the then reigning queen of Sweden, Maria Josepha, reflecting the cultural ties to both Sweden and Finland. The initial plans for the town were designed by the architect Axel Ahlberg, who crafted a layout that included a port, residential areas, and public buildings. As Mariehamn developed, it attracted various trades and industries, notably shipbuilding, which resonated with the local economy's needs and cultural landscape.

The founding of Mariehamn also represented a shift in the political landscape of the region. The town emerged amidst discussions about self-governance and autonomy within the framework of Finnish policies. It became a symbol of Åland’s identity, reflecting the unique blend of Finnish and Swedish heritage. Mariehamn has since played an essential role in regional politics, serving as a venue for dialogues concerning the islands' sovereignty and rights, notably in the early 20th century that eventually led to their autonomous status.