In early 1921, Iran was in turmoil, facing internal discord and external pressures. Amidst the fragmentation of authority, various factions, including political parties, tribal leaders, and foreign powers, manipulated the situation for their own interests. Recognizing the need for a strong leader to restore national stability, Colonel Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, a military officer, orchestrated a coup d'état in Tehran. On February 21, armed forces loyal to him seized critical government buildings and effectively ousted the existing weak government. The coup was meticulously planned and executed with the objective of eliminating dissent and restoring order within the nation.

Following the coup, Rezā Shāh positioned himself as the Prime Minister, quickly consolidating power and gaining support from both the army and certain segments of the populace. His control allowed for sweeping reforms across various aspects of Iranian life, including the military, education, and infrastructure. Additionally, he sought to reduce the influence of foreign powers, especially Britain and Russia, in Iranian affairs, promoting national sovereignty and modernization. Over the next several years, his regime would lead to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty and significant changes to Iran's societal structure.

The implications of Rezā Shāh's rise were profound, as he embarked on a campaign to secularize and modernize Iran. His policies would include the promotion of Western-style reforms, the establishment of a centralized state, and a push for national identity away from tribal affiliations. Despite resistance and criticism, the foundations he laid during this critical period would influence Iranian politics for decades.