In the early hours of February 23, 1942, a Japanese submarine, believed to be I-17, launched a surprise attack against the American coastline near Santa Barbara, California. This incident was notable as it was among the first instances of enemy artillery fire affecting the U.S. mainland during the ongoing conflict of World War II. The submarine shelled an area including the Ellwood Oil Field, which resulted in several shells hitting the shore. Although there was no significant damage to infrastructure, the attack caused a stir in the community, making residents acutely aware of the war's reach. The assault marked a psychological warfare aspect as well, instilling fear within the local populace.Following the attack, U.S. military officials assessed the situation and increased security measures along the West Coast. The event highlighted the vulnerabilities of the American coastlines and led to an increased military presence and patrols in the region. Many communities organized civil defense efforts, including air-raid warnings, and prepared for possible future attacks. The concern over such incidents persisted throughout the war, especially after further reports of submarine activity along the coast, as it was not just isolated to California but a series of threats faced by the American populace along the Pacific Coast.