The decision to construct the Hagia Sophia was motivated by both spiritual and political considerations as Emperor Justinian I sought to reinforce his authority and the prominence of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. After the Nika Riots, which had ravaged portions of Constantinople, the emperor aimed to establish a lasting symbol of unity and permanence through the construction of this grand basilica. The location chosen was strategic, situated at the heart of the city, which allowed it to dominate the skyline and serve as a focal point of civic life.

Justinian commissioned the noted architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to design the structure. Their design featured a massive dome that seemed to float above the nave, an architectural feat that influenced subsequent church buildings. Construction began shortly after the laying of the foundation stone and progressed remarkably quickly, resulting in its dedication just about five years later. The grandeur of Hagia Sophia was not just in its size but also in its intricate mosaics, columns, and a wealth of artistic features that showcased the wealth and culture of the empire.

Upon completion, the Hagia Sophia served as an Orthodox cathedral for nearly 1,000 years and later transformed into a mosque after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the modern era, it has become a museum and is an iconic symbol of Istanbul. The architectural innovations represented by the Hagia Sophia have left an indelible mark on the Byzantine architectural legacy, influencing many subsequent architectural works in both Christian and Islamic cultures.