The Sino-Russian Ili Treaty was a significant diplomatic agreement between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Russian Empire, concluded on February 24, 1881. The context behind the treaty arose from complex interactions between the two sprawling empires, which were competing for territorial control in Central Asia. The Ili River region had seen increasing Russian encroachment, particularly following military actions during the late 19th century, leading to heightened tensions between the two nations. Negotiated culmination of talks that spanned several months, the treaty was pivotal in delineating the border between Russian-controlled territories and the Qing Empire's lands.

Under the terms of the treaty, Russia recognized Chinese governance over certain regions, while China conceded some territories that were already under Russian influence. The treaty was not just a pragmatic solution to an immediate territorial dispute; it also reflected broader geopolitical strategies. Russia aimed to solidify its control over Central Asia, while China sought to ward off complete domination by foreign powers, establishing a facade of diplomatic sovereignty. As such, the agreement included provisions that would facilitate trade and enhance diplomatic relations, which were essential for both nations amidst growing Western colonialism in Asia.

The signing ceremony took place in the presence of prominent diplomats and military officials from both sides, highlighting the significance of this agreement in fostering future relations between China and Russia. Though it temporarily eased tensions, the treaty's stipulations would be challenged in subsequent years as both empires navigated the complexities of regional politics and the encroachment of other powers.