The Guangxu Emperor, born Zaitian, began his reign as the ruler of Qing dynasty China when he was just four years old, following the death of his adopted uncle, the Tongzhi Emperor. Empress Dowager Cixi, the formidable matriarch of the Qing court, effectively controlled the throne as regent. Cixi had placed Guangxu in power to ensure the continuation of her influence over the Qing dynasty. She was deeply entrenched in the political affairs of the empire, wielding power behind the scenes even as she appeared to support Guangxu's ascendance.

Initially, there was optimism about Guangxu's potential as a reformist leader. Influenced by progressive advisors and the pressing need for modernization in the face of foreign challenges, Guangxu sought to implement the Self-Strengthening Movement, a series of reforms aimed at revitalizing Qing governance, economy, and military capabilities. However, these reforms were often stymied by conservative factions within the court. Even though Guangxu showed a desire for change, the court and Cixi's overwhelming influence restricted his power.

The environment of the Qing dynasty during Guangxu's rule was rife with internal strife, corruption, and the threat of foreign encroachment, which complicated his ambitions. Despite his efforts at modernization, including improved education and potential military reforms, the overarching power of Cixi limited tangible progress. His reign, thus, became a reflection of the struggle between progressive ideals and traditional governance, culminating eventually in the political upheavals that would shake the dynasty in the years to come.