The London Protocol emerged from a protracted struggle for Greek independence that began in 1821 against Ottoman rule. By the late 1820s, significant battles, including the pivotal Battle of Navarino, drew the attention of the Great Powers of Europe, who were increasingly sympathetic to the Greek cause. Following interventions from Britain, France, and Russia, the groundwork for an independent Greek state was laid. The Protocol was signed by representatives from these nations in London, marking an institutional commitment to Greek sovereignty.

The document specified the geographical boundaries of Greece, which included areas surrounding the Morea peninsula and parts of central Greece. Notably, the Protocol also included provisions for securing the rights of the Greek population left outside the newly defined borders. The Great Powers recognized the need for stability in the region and sought to prevent further conflict by solidifying Greek independence. The recognition of Greece's sovereignty officially concluded the Greek War of Independence, encouraging nationalist movements across Europe.

In the broader context, the London Protocol was significant as it showcased the diminishing power of the Ottoman Empire and highlighted the impact of nationalistic aspirations in the 19th century. The agreement helped forge a new narrative where smaller states could emerge as sovereign nations through the support of more powerful states. The establishment of Greece as a nation also inspired similar movements in the Balkans and beyond, contributing to the eventual reconfiguration of national boundaries and identities in Europe as the century progressed.