The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal that divided France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this context, Émile Zola, a prominent French writer, published 'J'Accuse!', an open letter accusing the French government of framing Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer falsely charged with treason. In his letter, Zola presented evidence he believed was withheld during Dreyfus's trial, highlighting the role of anti-Semitism in the case. Zola's bold stance galvanized public opinion and encouraged debates about justice, truth, and the treatment of minorities in France.

Following the publication of 'J'Accuse!', Zola faced backlash from various factions, including the military and conservative circles who sought to maintain the original conviction of Dreyfus. As a result, Zola was prosecuted for libel. His trial commenced in February 1898, drawing significant attention and showcasing the societal rifts within France regarding issues of patriotism, nationalism, and civil rights. The courtroom became a battleground for contrasting ideologies about progress and prejudice.

The outcome of Zola's trial would not only influence the fate of Dreyfus but also highlight the growing public awareness and activism surrounding social and political injustice in France. The Dreyfus Affair ultimately led to reforms within the French military and government, and Zola's actions are remembered as pivotal in the fight for human rights and against anti-Semitism in Europe.