In early 1991, Lithuania conducted a landmark referendum where its citizens voted overwhelmingly in favor of independence from the Soviet Union. The decision followed a significant buildup of nationalist sentiment and movements that had been gaining traction in the region. The Lithuanian parliament had previously declared independence in March 1990, but the vote was a response to lingering uncertainties and resistance from Moscow. On February 9, more than 90% of participating voters expressed their support for independence, solidifying Lithuania's position and determination to break free from Soviet control.

The vote reflected not only local aspirations for independence, but also broader geopolitical trends as the Soviet Union faced increasing instability. The referendum was significant as it was one of the first major indicators of the disintegration of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. While the vote was welcomed with celebration in Lithuania, it was met with disapproval from Soviet authorities, who were struggling to maintain control over their republics.

The high voter turnout and overwhelming majority in favor illustrated the strong desire for self-governance among the Lithuanian people. International reaction was also notable; many Western nations began to recognize Lithuania's independence thereafter, which paved the way for further sovereign movements across the region as additional Soviet republics sought their own independence.