Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, located off the coast of Florida, was designated as the first national wildlife refuge in the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt. This pivotal moment came in response to the alarming decline of bird populations caused by unregulated hunting and habitat degradation. Roosevelt signed the executive order in March, positioning the 5.5-acre island as a protected area specifically for the preservation of wading birds and other wildlife. The refuge played a crucial role in safeguarding species such as pelicans, herons, and egrets, which were heavily targeted for their plumage.

The dedication of Pelican Island was significant not only for its immediate protection of wildlife but also as a foundational step in the establishment of a larger network of wildlife refuges across the United States. Roosevelt was a strong advocate for conservation, believing that natural resources should be protected for future generations, and this initiative set a precedent for the federal government’s involvement in environmental stewardship. The success of Pelican Island encouraged further efforts in conservation and the eventual creation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The refuge's establishment marked a turning point in American environmental policy, as it highlighted the importance of preserving natural habitats in the face of industrial expansion and urban development. Roosevelt’s action led to the development of additional wildlife refuges, demonstrating a growing recognition of biodiversity’s importance and laying the groundwork for future conservation policies. The refuge has since become a crucial site for both wildlife conservation and education, serving as a model for environmental protection efforts.