William Woods Holden was a prominent figure during the Reconstruction era, serving as the governor of North Carolina from 1868 until his impeachment in 1871. His administration faced significant challenges, including rising tensions due to the emergence of the Ku Klux Klan, which was terrorizing African Americans and disrupting the political order established after the Civil War. Holden took a strong stance against the Klan, viewing them as a direct threat to both civil rights and the safety of citizens in North Carolina. His efforts to restore order included declaring martial law in certain areas, which heightened his conflict with the legislature and various factions within the political landscape.

The impeachment process began as a response to Holden's actions, particularly his suspension of certain civil liberties and use of military power to confront the Klan. Accusations of his overreach and misconduct led to a series of hearings, culminating in a dramatic vote by the North Carolina General Assembly. On March 22, 1871, the vote resulted in his removal from office, setting a significant precedent in American politics. This marked the first time a sitting governor was impeached, demonstrating a willingness among state legislators to challenge executive authority during a period of political instability.

Holden's impeachment had immediate and lasting effects on North Carolina's political landscape. With his removal, the state government shifted back towards conservative elements more sympathetic to the interests of white landowners and the Democratic Party, reducing the progress made towards rights for African Americans. The event also underscored the fragility of Reconstruction gains and the contentious political environment of the South during this period of American history.