In 1999, a significant disaster unfolded inside the Mont Blanc Tunnel, a vital transportation route connecting France and Italy. A lorry transporting margarine and flour caught fire, igniting a catastrophic blaze that quickly enveloped the tunnel. The fire's intensity created an inferno, ultimately claiming the lives of 38 people, including motorists and their passengers. The incident occurred in a tunnel that had been operational since the 1960s, serving as a critical corridor for freight and passenger traffic. The design of the tunnel at the time did not sufficiently account for large-scale fire events, contributing to the disaster's severity.

Emergency services faced extraordinary challenges responding to the blaze, hindered by limited access and visibility impaired by thick smoke. The complexities of the tunnel's infrastructure further complicated rescue efforts, delaying evacuation and assistance for those trapped within. After the fire was extinguished, investigations were launched to determine the cause and to understand how similar incidents could be prevented in the future. The aftermath of the disaster prompted a reevaluation of safety measures and led to increased investment in fire safety technology and emergency preparedness in tunnels across Europe.

In the wake of the incident, extensive reports and recommendations were presented to rectify the vulnerabilities identified during the fire. This included improved ventilation systems, stricter regulations on the transportation of hazardous materials, and enhanced training and equipment for emergency responders. The Mont Blanc Tunnel fire became a case study in tunnel safety, influencing policies and design standards worldwide, ensuring a more resilient approach to tunnel operations.