William Caxton's translation of Aesop's Fables plays a crucial role in the history of English literature and the printing revolution. Caxton, who had become England's first printer, sought to introduce a wider audience to the classic tales originally attributed to Aesop, a Greek storyteller from ancient times. His translation not only preserved the essence of these fables but also aimed to make them accessible to those who spoke English, as the wider dissemination of texts contributed to increased literacy rates during this period. Caxton's edition included several of the most popular fables, each adorned with colorful illustrations that featured anthropomorphic animals teaching important morals, reflecting the cultural and educational aspirations of the time.

Printed in his workshop in Westminster, the publication of Aesop's Fables was significant as it established how fables could serve an educational purpose, encouraging ethical reflection among readers. The selection of tales by Caxton was both strategic and thoughtful, ensuring that they resonated with the moral and social landscape of late 15th-century England. Through this work, Caxton solidified his reputation as a key player in the transformation of literature. His decision to publish a vernacular translation indicated a shift from Latin, which was predominantly used in academia, towards the English language, engaging a broader societal audience.

The enduring appeal of Aesop's Fables, due in part to Caxton's efforts, can be seen in their continued presence in children's literature today. The fables remain a valuable educational tool, providing insights into human behavior and ethics through allegorical storytelling. Caxton's work helped to lay the foundation for other English-language fables and for the wider acceptance of morality tales. This marked the beginning of a literary movement that emphasized accessibility and morality, contributing to the rich tapestry of English literary tradition.