The Acheson-Lilienthal Report, named after its principal authors, Dean Acheson and David Lilienthal, emerged from discussions on how best to manage the newly developed atomic energy capabilities following World War II. Published by the United States Department of State, the report laid down a strategic plan to foster international control of atomic energy, aiming to eliminate the possibility of nuclear arms races and promote cooperation among nuclear-capable nations. The document reflected the urgent need for a coordinated approach to nuclear development, considering the total destruction that atomic weapons had inflicted during the war.

In the aftermath of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there was widespread apprehension regarding the future of nuclear weapons and their potential to spark a new global conflict. Acheson and Lilienthal's insights suggested that the United States, armed with atomic technology, should collaborate with other nations to create a regulatory body designed to oversee the use of nuclear power. They proposed that this organization would be responsible for safeguarding atomic materials, ensuring that nuclear technology was harnessed for peaceful purposes, such as energy generation, rather than military applications.

The Acheson-Lilienthal Report was integral in shaping subsequent international dialogues surrounding nuclear energy and disarmament. It set the stage for future treaties and discussions about nuclear non-proliferation. While its broad vision of international governance ultimately faced challenges, including geopolitical tensions and differing national interests, the report remains a significant marker in the conversation about the controls needed in the nuclear age.