The Treaty of Fez was signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Moroccan sovereignty. The treaty emerged after a period of growing European interest in Morocco, particularly from France and Spain, stimulated by the need for stability in the region and to secure trade routes. In 1906, the Algeciras Conference had already set the stage for increased foreign influence in Morocco, and subsequent unrest within the country created an environment ripe for intervention. Following the notable Moroccan Crisis in 1911, France intensified its diplomatic efforts, culminating in the treaty signed on March 30, 1912.

As a result of the treaty, Morocco was placed under French control, although its internal administration remained under the Sultan. This arrangement formalized the French protectorate, allowing France to exert significant influence over Moroccan politics and economics. The French government took charge of Morocco's foreign relations while allowing nominal local governance to the Sultan. This dual authority structure was intended to placate domestic sentiments while also fulfilling European ambitions.

The signing deeply impacted Moroccan society, as it signaled the beginning of a prolonged period of colonial rule, marked by resistance from various Moroccan factions and eventual uprisings against French authority. The Treaty of Fez not only reshaped Morocco's internal politics but also set a precedent for imperialist practices in North Africa, influencing colonial policies in neighboring regions.