The Convention of Kanagawa was a pivotal treaty signed between Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy and representatives of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan's ruling government at the time. Perry's visit to Japan, beginning in 1853, was part of a broader strategy to secure trade opportunities and establish diplomatic relations with Japan. After an initial show of force with his 'Black Ships,' Perry returned in early 1854 with a larger contingent, negotiating terms of engagement. The treaty specifically opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels, permitting them to trade and refuel, thus initiating a new era of interaction between Japan and Western nations.

The agreement came after centuries of Japan's self-imposed isolationist policy known as Sakoku, which had significantly limited foreign influence. The signing of the treaty marked a turning point; it forced Japan to reconsider its isolationist stance and engage with the West. This treaty was a direct response to the demands of American commerce and the interest of other Western powers in the region. It was not merely about trade, but also about establishing a diplomatic framework that would facilitate further interactions.