The declaration of war by Charles II of England against the Netherlands was a significant turn in the maritime rivalry between the two nations and marked the beginning of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. This war was rooted in the broader context of colonial expansion and conflict over trade supremacy in the 17th century. The Dutch Republic, having established itself as a powerful trading nation, posed a direct challenge to English interests, particularly in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean trade routes. The English sought to assert their dominance over the lucrative trade and overseas possessions, leading to growing tensions between the two powers.

The war was preceded by a series of provocations, including the Navigation Acts passed by England in the 1650s, which aimed to restrict Dutch trade. The Dutch retaliated with a series of actions against English shipping that escalated the conflict. By the time of Charles II's declaration, naval skirmishes had already started, setting a combative tone that would define the forthcoming years. The conflict featured significant battles including the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665 and the Four Days' Battle of 1666, showcasing the naval capabilities of both nations and altering the course of naval warfare.

The Second Anglo-Dutch War would eventually lead to significant military engagements that underscored the growing importance of naval power and trade in the global economy of the time. The war concluded with the Treaty of Breda in 1667, which returned control of various territories but did not resolve underlying tensions, foreshadowing future conflicts. The war was characterized by not only military confrontations but also political maneuvering that redefined alliances in Europe during the late 17th century.