The referendums in Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna reflected the growing nationalistic sentiments among Italians during the Risorgimento, a movement that sought to unify Italy, which was then composed of various kingdoms and territories. Conducted in early March 1860, these referendums allowed citizens within these provinces to decide whether they wanted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was perceived as a progressive and reform-minded state under the leadership of figures like Count Camillo di Cavour. The referendums were marked by high voter turnout and overwhelming majorities in favor of joining Sardinia, signaling a collective desire for unification and self-determination. The territory of Tuscany had been under the influence of various powers, and the movement for annexation was particularly strong due to a growing sense of Italian identity among the population. Meanwhile, in Modena and Romagna, there was a desire for democratic governance and modern reforms, contrasting with the conservative remnants of previous regimes. These provinces had experienced social and economic discontent, which intensified the calls for unity with Sardinia as a means to break free from outdated rule and embrace modernization. In the aftermath of the referendums, the Kingdom of Sardinia expanded significantly, and this paved the way for further unification efforts that would culminate in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The enthusiastic support from the provinces illustrated a crucial turning point in Italian politics and showcased the power of popular will in shaping national destiny.