The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is a pivotal agreement that emerged during the Cold War, reflecting the growing concern over the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Formulated and opened for signature in 1968, the treaty was designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, also calling for nuclear disarmament among existing nuclear weapon states. On March 5, 1970, the treaty officially entered into force after receiving ratifications from 43 countries, including the five recognized nuclear powers: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China. The treaty established three main pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peaceful use of nuclear energy. It was crucial in creating a legal framework that encouraged nations to work towards disarmament while providing assurances of access to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. The role of international organizations, particularly the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), was also significant in monitoring compliance with the treaty's provisions, ensuring that nuclear materials were not diverted for weapon development. The NPT has undergone multiple review conferences to assess its implementation and adapt to changing geopolitical realities. Despite facing challenges, including accusations of inequitable treatment between nuclear and non-nuclear states, the NPT remains a cornerstone of global nuclear governance, highlighting the complexities of international relations and security in a world facing the potential of nuclear conflict.