The military coup in Iraq on April 1, 1941, marked a significant shift in power as nationalist elements within the Iraqi military sought to end British control over the country. The leadership was disillusioned with Regent 'Abd al-Ilah’s cooperation with British interests, particularly as Iraq's relationship with Britain had been a source of growing discontent among the populace. The coup was led by young, nationalistic officers who took advantage of the political instability and perceived weakness of the regency.

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, a prominent figure in the nationalist movement, was installed as Prime Minister. Al-Gaylani had previously held various ministerial positions and had a strong following among nationalist factions in Iraq. His new government aimed to reduce foreign influence and sought a more independent foreign policy, which included closer ties with Germany and Italy, particularly at a time when World War II was intensifying.

The coup, however, set off serious concerns for both Britain and its allies. British officials viewed the coup as a direct threat to their interests in the Middle East, given Iraq's strategic importance, particularly concerning oil resources and the protection of their routes to India. This tension led to a British military intervention, resulting in significant military engagements known as the Anglo-Iraqi War, which further complicated the political landscape in the region.