The siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem occurred when Israeli forces surrounded the church due to armed Palestinians taking refuge within its historic walls. This incident unfolded amidst the broader context of the Second Intifada, which began in late 2000, characterized by escalating violence and tension between Israelis and Palestinians. The Church of the Nativity is revered as the birthplace of Jesus and holds significant importance to Christians worldwide. As such, its occupation brought international attention to the conflict, highlighting the intersection of spiritual and political realms.

In April 2002, Israeli troops initiated a military operation to arrest Palestinian militants involved in violence against Israel. As part of this operation, the church was surrounded, and around 200 individuals, including armed militants and civilians, took refuge inside. The situation quickly attracted national and global media, resulting in a complex standoff that included negotiations for the safe exit of non-combatants and talks regarding the fate of the armed occupants. The siege stretched for 39 days, leading to intense on-site debates between Israeli officials and Palestinian leaders.

Numerous attempts were made to resolve the standoff peacefully, with various religious leaders and international figures attempting to mediate. The siege ended with an agreement allowing some militants to exit the church under specific conditions, while others were deported, sparking controversy and discussions about Jerusalem's religious sites and the principles surrounding their protections. The encirclement of the church became a symbol of the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict, illustrating how places of worship can become battlegrounds amid political strife.