Notable Historical Dates On This Day April 20th

From world-changing moments to lesser-known milestones, history is happening all around us—every single day. Explore the key events that shaped the world on this very date, and uncover the fascinating stories that connect the past to today.

Education & Academia

Establishment of Sapienza University by Pope Boniface VIII

April 20th, 1303 721 years ago

Pope Boniface VIII established the Sapienza University of Rome through a papal bull, aiming to create a center for higher learning in the city. This institution was intended to provide education in various fields, including theology, law, and philosophy, which reflected the growing importance of universities in medieval society. The founding of the Sapienza was a significant step towards advancing academic inquiry and education under the auspices of the Church, contributing to the intellectual revival of the era.

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Politics & Government

Oliver Cromwell Dissolves Rump Parliament

April 20th, 1653 371 years ago

Oliver Cromwell, leading the New Model Army, forcibly dispersed the Rump Parliament in the House of Commons, asserting control over England's governance. This decisive act stemmed from Cromwell's frustration with the Parliament's inaction and inability to address pressing issues following the English Civil War. On this day, soldiers entered the Commons chamber and removed MPs who resisted Cromwell's authority, ultimately facilitating a shift towards military rule.

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Military & Warfare

Admiral Robert Blake's Assault on Spanish Fleet

April 20th, 1657 367 years ago

During a fierce conflict, English Admiral Robert Blake launched a significant attack on a Spanish silver fleet anchored at Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Despite heavy artillery fire from shore fortifications, Blake's forces managed to engage and destroy multiple vessels, capturing valuable cargo. This operation aimed to disrupt Spanish maritime trade and assert English naval power in the region.

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Religion & Philosophy

Jews Granted Freedom of Religion in New Amsterdam

April 20th, 1657 367 years ago

In 1657, Jews in New Amsterdam were granted freedom of religion, marking a significant step toward religious tolerance in the early American colonies. The policy change followed the arrival of a group of Sephardic Jews from Brazil, who sought refuge from the Inquisition. Their presence prompted Governor Peter Stuyvesant to reconsider the colonial laws prohibiting Jewish settlement. This moment was pivotal as it laid the groundwork for the future acceptance of diverse religions in the region.

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Military & Warfare

Commencement of the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War

April 20th, 1752 272 years ago

A decisive military confrontation initiated between the Konbaung Dynasty and the Hanthawaddy Kingdom began in 1752, signifying a new phase in the ongoing Burmese Civil War. Triggered by territorial disputes and aspirations of control over the Irrawaddy River region, the conflict saw the forces of King Alaungpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty clash with the troops of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom led by their king. The ensuing battles would ultimately shape the political landscape of Burma, leading to significant territorial shifts and the consolidation of power by the Konbaung Dynasty.

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Military & Warfare

Erekle II Defeats Ottomans at Aspindza

April 20th, 1770 254 years ago

Erekle II led his forces to a decisive victory against the Ottoman Empire at Aspindza despite being abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben. With strategic prowess, Erekle capitalized on the vulnerability of the Ottoman troops, utilizing the terrain effectively. The engagement was crucial for the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakhetia during a period of regional instability, showcasing Erekle’s leadership and military capabilities amid shifting alliances.

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Military & Warfare

Siege of Boston Begins Following Early Battles

April 20th, 1775 249 years ago

The Siege of Boston commenced as Patriot forces established control over the surrounding areas after the battles of Lexington and Concord. Militias from various colonies converged around Boston, seeking to contain British troops stationed in the city following escalated tensions. The siege was characterized by skirmishes, fortifications, and the strategic blockade of British supply lines. This marked a significant shift in the colonial struggle for independence, galvanizing local support and transforming isolated protests into organized military action against British authority.

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Politics & Government

George Washington's Arrival at Grays Ferry

April 20th, 1789 235 years ago

George Washington arrived at Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, en route to his inauguration in Manhattan. He was welcomed by large crowds of supporters from various regions, symbolizing a united nation behind its first president. The atmosphere was filled with excitement and anticipation as Washington prepared to assume the presidency, marking a significant step in American governance.

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Military & Warfare

France Declares War on Hungary and Bohemia

April 20th, 1792 232 years ago

On April 20, 1792, France officially declared war against the Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia, marking the genesis of the French Revolutionary Wars. This declaration emerged amidst rising tensions between revolutionary France and various European monarchies, particularly as the newly formed French Republic sought to assert its position against perceived threats to its revolutionary ideals. The declaration was supported by the Legislative Assembly, reflecting a desire to defend the revolution while signaling to other nations the resolve of the French people.

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Politics & Government

Establishment of the Septinsular Republic

April 20th, 1800 224 years ago

The Septinsular Republic was established by merging the Ionian Islands under a new government structure, following the influence of the French Revolution and during the power struggles involving the Ottoman Empire and various European nations. The republic consisted of seven islands: Corfu, Paxos, Lefkada, Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante, and Kythera. This new political entity aimed to achieve autonomy and foster a sense of unity within the Ionian Islands while balancing local governance and outside influences.

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Military & Warfare

French Victory at the Battle of Abensberg

April 20th, 1809 215 years ago

During a four-day campaign in Bavaria, Napoleon's army engaged two Austrian corps at the Battle of Abensberg. On April 20, Napoleon successfully executed tactical maneuvers, resulting in a significant defeat for the Austrian forces. This battle showcased the effectiveness of French military strategy and advanced their campaign in the region.

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Exploration & Discovery

René Caillié Enters Timbuktu Alive

April 20th, 1828 196 years ago

René Caillié became the second non-Muslim to visit Timbuktu after Major Gordon Laing, achieving this feat in 1828 and returning safely. His journey, which began in 1824, was groundbreaking in that he was able to survive the challenges of the Sahara Desert and the political dynamics of the region. Caillié's exploration was motivated by a desire to uncover the secrets of Timbuktu, as well as to contribute to the knowledge of Western explorers regarding this famed city. His successful return marks a significant milestone in African exploration and non-Muslim access to its historical sites.

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Politics & Government

Creation of the Wisconsin Territory

April 20th, 1836 188 years ago

The U.S. Congress passed an act establishing the Wisconsin Territory, defined to encompass much of what is now Wisconsin, parts of Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan. This act was part of the westward expansion movement in the United States, aiming to organize territories for governance. The new territory would be significant for its natural resources and strategic location. The act aimed to facilitate settlement, governance, and eventual statehood, marking a step in the country's development and its push for westward growth.

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Military & Warfare

Robert E. Lee Leaves U.S. Army for Virginia

April 20th, 1861 163 years ago

Robert E. Lee, a prominent United States Army officer, resigned his commission to take command of Virginia's military forces in response to the secession of Virginia from the Union. This decision was influenced by his deep loyalty to his home state, despite his reservations about the Civil War. Lee's resignation marked a pivotal moment as he transitioned into one of the Confederate Army's most significant generals, ultimately leading the Army of Northern Virginia. His leadership would significantly shape the course of the conflict.

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Science & Technology

Lowe's Balloon Journey from Cincinnati to South Carolina

April 20th, 1861 163 years ago

Thaddeus S. C. Lowe undertook a remarkable balloon journey, covering approximately 900 miles from Cincinnati, Ohio, to South Carolina. His flight demonstrated the potential for balloons in military observation and communication during wartime. This event highlighted both the innovative spirit of the time and the emerging military applications of aerial reconnaissance.

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Science & Technology

Pasteur and Bernard Disprove Spontaneous Generation

April 20th, 1862 162 years ago

Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard conducted experiments that demonstrated the invalidity of the theory of spontaneous generation. They showed that microorganisms did not arise spontaneously from non-living matter but rather from existing microorganisms. This marked a pivotal moment in microbiology and set the foundation for germ theory, critical for advancements in medicine and public health.

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Science & Technology

Angelo Secchi Demonstrates Water Clarity Tool

April 20th, 1865 159 years ago

Angelo Secchi showcased the Secchi disk aboard Pope Pius IX's yacht, L'Immaculata Concezion, to measure water clarity. This innovative device helped assess the transparency of water using a simple yet effective method. The demonstration highlighted Secchi's interest in oceanography and contributed to the understanding of aquatic environments. The event underscored the intersection of scientific inquiry and high-profile patronage, reflecting the curiosity of the era and its advancements in environmental observation.

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Military & Warfare

April Uprising Sparks European Response

April 20th, 1876 148 years ago

The April Uprising began as a revolt against Ottoman rule in Bulgaria, inspired by the desire for independence and reform. The uprising unfolded primarily in the region of Thrace, where Bulgarian revolutionaries aimed to establish autonomy. Despite initial successes, the local Ottoman forces swiftly suppressed the revolt with brutal force. The widespread atrocities committed during the suppression shocked public opinion across Europe, drawing attention to the plight of the Bulgarian people. This outrage proved influential in escalating tensions leading to the Russo-Turkish War and the push for Bulgarian independence as a condition for peace.

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Religion & Philosophy

Pope Leo XIII Condemns Freemasonry

April 20th, 1884 140 years ago

Pope Leo XIII published the encyclical Humanum genus, which firmly condemned Freemasonry for its perceived opposition to the Catholic Church and its teachings. This document argued that the principles of Freemasonry were incompatible with the doctrines of the Church, particularly in terms of its moral and philosophical foundations. The Pope called for the faithful to oppose Masonic principles and asserted the importance of maintaining a distinct Catholic identity in society.

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Military & Warfare

U.S. Declares War on Spain

April 20th, 1898 126 years ago

William McKinley signed a joint resolution to Congress, approving a declaration of war against Spain. This act was fueled by rising tensions over Spain's rule in Cuba, where a humanitarian crisis was occurring, alongside the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. The resolution tailored to the public sentiment rapidly united Congress and the American people in favor of war.

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Science & Technology

Pierre and Marie Curie Refine Radium Chloride

April 20th, 1902 122 years ago

Pierre and Marie Curie successfully isolated radium chloride through a process of careful chemical refinement. This achievement was significant in their ongoing research into radioactivity, which had profound implications for science and medicine. The Curies worked from their laboratory in Paris, France, where they continued their pioneering investigations into the properties of radioactive elements, driven by a desire to understand the mysterious behaviors of these new materials. Their work not only expanded the understanding of radioactivity but also laid the groundwork for future medicinal applications.

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Sports & Recreation

Inauguration of the New South Wales Rugby League

April 20th, 1908 116 years ago

The New South Wales Rugby League launched its inaugural season, showcasing the new competition format with eight clubs participating. This significant sports league aimed to professionalize rugby league in Australia, fostering an environment of competitive excellence and community engagement. The first matches were held across various venues, with enthusiastic crowds gathering to support their local teams, marking a new chapter in Australian sports.

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Social Movements & Civil Rights

Ludlow Massacre During Colorado Coalfield War

April 20th, 1914 110 years ago

Nineteen men, women, and children were killed during the Ludlow Massacre, which occurred as part of a strike by coal miners in Colorado. The miners, who were protesting poor working conditions and seeking better pay, had set up a tent colony in Ludlow. Tensions between the miners and the Colorado National Guard escalated, leading to the violent confrontation that claimed the lives of those who were peacefully protesting.

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Military & Warfare

The Red Baron Claims His Final Victories

April 20th, 1918 106 years ago

Manfred von Richthofen, known as The Red Baron, shot down his 79th and 80th aerial victims while engaging in combat over enemy territory. Operating as a renowned fighter pilot for the German Air Force during World War I, von Richthofen exhibited unparalleled skill and bravery in the skies. These victories were part of a dogfight that showcased his aerial tactics and proficiency. Tragically, these would be his last before his own demise the following day, marking a significant moment in aerial warfare history.

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Politics & Government

Creation of South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

April 20th, 1922 102 years ago

In April 1922, the Soviet government established the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, recognizing the Ossetian population’s unique cultural identity. This administrative decision aimed to address ethnic tensions and promote stability in the region, reflecting the broader Soviet strategy of managing diverse national identities within its territory. The new autonomous oblast was created amidst the complex interplay of Soviet nationalities policy during the formative years of the USSR.

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Military & Warfare

U.S. Troops Capture Leipzig, Then Cede to Soviets

April 20th, 1945 79 years ago

U.S. forces captured Leipzig, Germany, during World War II, encountering minimal resistance as they advanced towards the city. Following the capture, geopolitical considerations led to the decision to relinquish control of Leipzig to the Soviet Union under the agreements made by Allied leaders. This event highlighted the shifting dynamics of post-war Europe, particularly the emerging tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

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Health & Medicine

Jewish Children Killed in Neuengamme Experiments

April 20th, 1945 79 years ago

At the Bullenhuser Damm school, twenty Jewish children, mostly from the Theresienstadt ghetto, were murdered after being subjected to medical experiments by Nazi doctors. On this day, as Allied forces closed in on Neuengamme concentration camp, the children, ages 5 to 12, were transported to the school where they were killed in the basement, a grim act intended to eliminate evidence of their suffering and the experiments conducted on them.

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Military & Warfare

Hitler's Last Public Appearance

April 20th, 1945 79 years ago

On his 56th birthday, Adolf Hitler made a rare trip above ground to award Iron Crosses to young members of the Hitler Youth. Amidst the rapidly deteriorating situation in Berlin, Hitler sought to project strength and maintain morale within the ranks of his devoted youth. The event occurred in the Führerbunker, the underground shelter where he resided during the waning days of World War II. This moment marked a significant yet forlorn attempt to cling to power as Germany faced imminent defeat.

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Politics & Government

League of Nations Dissolves and Transfers Power

April 20th, 1946 78 years ago

The League of Nations officially dissolved, transferring its responsibilities and assets to the newly formed United Nations. This transition was a key moment in international governance, symbolizing a shift towards more structured global cooperation. The decision came after more than two decades of the League attempting to maintain peace and prevent conflict, primarily following the disruptions of World War I. The transition was marked by a meeting of the League's Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland, emitting a strong desire for new beginnings in diplomatic relations during a post-war era.

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Military & Warfare

PLA Attacks HMS Amethyst in Nanjing

April 20th, 1949 75 years ago

The People's Liberation Army engaged HMS Amethyst as she attempted to travel to the British embassy in Nanjing. The British warship was navigating the Yangtze River amidst the turmoil of the Chinese Civil War. This confrontation resulted in significant casualties and showcased the increasing tensions between British and Communist forces in China. The Amethyst faced the dual threat of gunfire and a precarious situation in foreign waters, creating an international incident.

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Military & Warfare

Failed US-backed Invasion of Cuba

April 20th, 1961 63 years ago

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful military operation aimed at overthrowing the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. Initiated by the U.S. with support from CIA-backed Cuban exiles, the invasion took place at the Playa Girón on Cuba's southern coast. The plan aimed to destabilize communism in Latin America, but the operation faltered due to poor planning and lack of air support. The invaders faced immediate resistance from Cuban forces, resulting in a swift defeat and the capture of many exiles.

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Accidents & Tragedies

Crash of South African Airways Flight 228

April 20th, 1968 56 years ago

South African Airways Flight 228, a Douglas DC-8, experienced a fatal crash near the Hosea Kutako International Airport in South West Africa, killing 123 individuals. The accident occurred during approach due to a loss of control after the crew reported engine failure. Despite efforts to regain control, the aircraft went down in a remote area, leading to one of the deadliest aviation disasters in the region's history.

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Politics & Government

Enoch Powell's 'Rivers of Blood' Speech

April 20th, 1968 56 years ago

Enoch Powell delivered a highly controversial speech during a Conservative Party meeting at Birmingham, England, where he expressed his views on immigration and the social impact it was having on British society. He warned that the increasing immigration from the Commonwealth would lead to societal tensions, famously stating, 'like the Tiber, the River Tiber foaming with much blood.' The speech ignited a nationwide debate on race and immigration, leading to significant backlash and support.

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Space Exploration

Apollo 16 Lunar Module Lands on the Moon

April 20th, 1972 52 years ago

Apollo 16, commanded by John Young and piloted by Charles Duke, marked the fifth crewed lunar landing in U.S. history. The Lunar Module, named Orion, successfully touched down in the Descartes Highlands, a region chosen for its geological intrigue. Young and Duke aimed to explore the area's unique features, which included highlands and boulders, enhancing our understanding of the Moon's history. The mission also facilitated significant scientific experiments and lunar surface exploration.

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Accidents & Tragedies

Air France Flight 422 Fatal Crash in Bogotá

April 20th, 1998 26 years ago

Air France Flight 422 crashed shortly after takeoff from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia, resulting in the death of all 53 individuals onboard. The aircraft, an Airbus A300, was en route to the French Caribbean, and the crash occurred amidst rising concerns about the pilots’ capability to manage the aircraft during adverse weather conditions. Investigation into the incident revealed potential issues with the plane’s systems and airline protocols.

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Crime & Law

Columbine High School shooting incident

April 20th, 1999 25 years ago

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold perpetrated a shooting spree at Columbine High School, which resulted in the deaths of 13 individuals and injuries to 24 others. The attackers, both students at the school, arrived armed with firearms and explosives, intending to target their peers and faculty. The incident unfolded in the late morning, attracting significant media attention and leading to a large-scale police response. After the massacre, the two gunmen took their own lives in the school library.

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Accidents & Tragedies

Collapse of Nicoll Highway in Singapore

April 20th, 2004 20 years ago

The Nicoll Highway in Singapore collapsed while under construction, resulting in the deaths of four workers. The collapse occurred during the excavation work for the underground roadway, raising concerns about construction practices and safety regulations in the country. Emergency services were deployed immediately to assist in rescue operations. The tragic incident highlighted issues related to urban construction in Singapore.

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Crime & Law

William Phillips Holds Hostage at NASA Center

April 20th, 2007 17 years ago

William Phillips, a former employee, barricaded himself in a section of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, wielding a handgun. During the four-hour standoff, he took a male hostage before ultimately shooting him and then himself. The incident raised alarms about workplace violence and security at federal facilities.

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Sports & Recreation

Danica Patrick's Historic Indy Car Win

April 20th, 2008 16 years ago

Danica Patrick became the first female driver to win an Indy car race by securing victory at the Indy Japan 300 held at the Twin Ring Motegi in Japan. The race, marked by Patrick's strategic prowess and skill, made her a pioneer in motorsports, breaking gender barriers in the competitive world of IndyCar racing. Her win signified not just personal triumph, but a significant milestone for women in the sport.

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Accidents & Tragedies

Deepwater Horizon Rig Explosion and Oil Spill

April 20th, 2010 14 years ago

The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in the death of eleven workers and triggering a massive oil spill. The rig was operated by Transocean and was drilling for BP when the explosion occurred, causing an extensive environmental disaster that lasted for six months. The failure of the blowout preventer, a crucial safety device, is believed to have contributed to the tragic incident.

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Accidents & Tragedies

Plane Crash Near Islamabad Kills 127 Individuals

April 20th, 2012 12 years ago

A passenger aircraft crashed in a residential area close to the Benazir Bhutto International Airport in Islamabad, resulting in a devastating loss of lives. The incident involved a commercial flight that experienced difficulties shortly after takeoff. The dual tragedy of civilian casualties included not only those onboard but also residents in the vicinity, amplifying the scale of devastation. First responders battled to secure the area and assist the affected families amidst the aftermath.

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Natural Disasters

6.6-Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Sichuan Province

April 20th, 2013 11 years ago

A powerful 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck Lushan County in China's Sichuan province, resulting in the loss of at least 193 lives and injuring thousands more. The earthquake's epicenter was located near the city of Ya'an, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and buildings. The incident prompted a swift response from Chinese authorities, who mobilized rescue teams to the affected region. The quake occurred on the anniversary of a previous major earthquake in Sichuan, drawing attention to the region's seismic activity and vulnerability.

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Crime & Law

Deadly Bombing of UN Food Convoy in Puntland

April 20th, 2015 9 years ago

A bomb attack on a convoy delivering food supplies to a United Nations compound in Garowe, Puntland, resulted in the deaths of ten individuals. The convoy was actively engaged in humanitarian efforts amidst an ongoing crisis in Somalia, marked by widespread food insecurity. Security has been a persistent challenge in the region, attributed to insurgent activities. The attack highlights the risks faced by humanitarian workers in conflict zones, where they often become targets of violence.

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Economics & Industry

Historic Drop of Oil Prices Below Zero

April 20th, 2020 4 years ago

In April 2020, oil prices plunged below zero for the first time in history due to the collapse of demand amid the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with a price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia. This unprecedented situation caused traders to pay others to take oil off their hands, highlighting the crippling excess supply and lack of storage options. The price drop particularly affected U.S. oil benchmark, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), which saw a dramatic fall that left experts stunned and realized the extent of the global economic disruptions caused by the pandemic.

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Crime & Law

Chauvin Found Guilty in George Floyd Murder Trial

April 20th, 2021 3 years ago

Derek Chauvin was found guilty of all charges in the murder trial concerning George Floyd’s death. The verdict was handed down by the Fourth Judicial District Court in Minnesota, concluding a highly publicized trial that began with jury selection several weeks earlier. Chauvin faced charges of second-degree unintentional murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter. The trial attracted nationwide attention, reflecting deep societal issues regarding police practices and racism.

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Space Exploration

SpaceX's Starship Rocket Launches and Explodes

April 20th, 2023 1 years ago

SpaceX launched its Starship rocket for the first time, achieving liftoff at Boca Chica, Texas. This rocket, heralded as the largest and most powerful ever constructed, aimed to demonstrate its capabilities for future crewed missions to Mars and beyond. During its ascent, the rocket experienced a loss of control approximately four minutes into flight, resulting in an explosion. Despite the destruction, SpaceX hailed the launch as a valuable test for future developments in space travel.

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