The Treaty of Oliva was a pivotal agreement that concluded the prolonged Second Northern War, primarily involving Sweden and Poland. This conflict was rooted in territorial aspirations and dominance in the Baltic region, which both nations sought to control for economic and strategic interests. The treaty negotiations took place in Oliva, a suburb of Gdańsk, Poland, bringing together diplomats and representatives from both sides to finalize terms after years of warfare. The treaty was significant as it not only stipulated territorial exchanges but also aimed to solidify a power balance in the region. Under the terms, Sweden retained substantial territories, including parts of Pomerania, while Poland recognized Swedish control over Livonia and parts of Prussia. The agreement marked the end of open hostility, but it also laid the groundwork for future tensions and rivalries in the Baltic region. This diplomatic endeavor illustrated the complexities of 17th-century European politics and the intricate alliances and conflicts that shaped the continent’s history.