During the Spanish Civil War, Guernica, a Basque town in northern Spain, faced one of the first aerial bombardments of civilian infrastructure and population in history. On April 26, 1937, the German Condor Legion, a group of air support sent by Adolf Hitler to assist Francisco Franco's Nationalist faction, along with the Italian Aviazione Legionaria, launched a brutal assault. The attack lasted for several hours, targeting both military and civilian areas, leading to extensive destruction and loss of life. Historical accounts suggest that approximately 250-1,600 people were killed, and many others injured, with the town largely destroyed.The bombing of Guernica was not only a strategic military maneuver but also a psychological tactic aimed at spreading fear among those supporting the Republican side. Franco's forces sought to weaken opposition morale while showcasing the power of aerial attacks. The event gained international attention, culminating in widespread outrage and protests against fascist aggression. The attack became a moment of pivotal significance, embodying the ethical debates surrounding warfare and civilian casualties. Picasso’s subsequent painting, “Guernica,” served as a powerful artistic response, becoming a poignant commentary on the brutality of war and suffering inflicted upon innocents. The imagery portrayed in the mural resonated globally, solidifying Guernica’s legacy in artistic and political spheres.The repercussions of the bombings extended beyond immediate destruction, influencing military strategies in future conflicts. It marked a critical moment where the role of civilian areas in warfare became evident, leading to changing perceptions about the legitimacy and morality of aerial bombardments. This event foreshadowed the strategic bombings seen during World War II, raising crucial questions about the protection of civilians in armed conflicts.