In 1565, the Spanish expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi landed on the island of Cebu, marking the foundation of the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines. Legazpi's crew arrived on the archipelago after a long voyage from New Spain (Mexico), seeking to establish a foothold in Southeast Asia. The choice of Cebu was strategic; its location made it an ideal hub for trade and further expeditions in the region. The Spaniards encountered local leaders, including Rajah Humabon, who established initial diplomatic relations with Legazpi and his men. This led to the eventual conversion of many locals to Christianity and had profound implications for the sociocultural landscape of the islands.

The relationship between the Spanish and the natives began with mutual benefit, as the Spaniards offered goods in exchange for local resources. However, the settlement soon gave rise to a system of colonial governance, leading to the imposition of foreign rules and tax systems that would change the lives of the indigenous peoples. Over time, missionary activities expanded beyond Cebu, spreading Christianity throughout the archipelago. The Spanish fortified Cebu against rival powers and uprisings, ensuring its role as a critical administrative center within the region.

The establishment of Cebu signified the beginning of extensive Spanish colonization in the Philippines, which lasted for over three centuries. It transformed the cultural fabric of the islands, intricately weaving Spanish influences into local customs, language, and societal structures, an effect that can still be seen today. Furthermore, Cebu’s role as a principal port facilitated the flow of goods and culture between Asia and the Americas, impacting global trade patterns before becoming a pivotal point in the galleon trade.