The Jeju Uprising began in Jeju Province, South Korea, as a response to oppressive measures by the South Korean government against its citizens. The local population was largely dissatisfied with the government’s policies, viewing them as unjust and discriminatory. Tensions were exacerbated by the influence of American military and political structures following the end of World War II, as they occupied South Korea and supported the anti-communist stance of the government. Many inhabitants of Jeju were sympathetic to leftist movements, which prompted severe crackdowns by government forces meant to quell perceived threats. On April 3, 1948, the uprising was catalyzed by a police action against suspected leftist insurgents, which spiraled into widespread violence throughout the region. Armed groups engaged in combat with governmental troops, resulting in retaliation that targeted civilians and rebel sympathizers alike.

Over the next few months, the insurgency intensified, leading to a devastating and protracted conflict leaving thousands dead, many more injured, and a significant portion of the population fleeing for safety. Guerrilla warfare tactics were employed by the insurgents, while government forces unleashed considerable brutality in response. The violence not only underscored the ideological divide present in post-liberation Korea but also revealed the challenges of nation-building in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.