In the pivotal case of Mississippi Choctaw Band v. Holyfield, the US Supreme Court addressed the jurisdictional rights of tribal courts as stipulated under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) of 1978. This case arose when two children, who were members of the Mississippi Choctaw Indian Tribe, were placed in the custody of non-tribal foster parents after their biological mother, a member of the tribe, sought to relinquish her parental rights. The adoptive parents contested that the ICWA should not apply, claiming the custody arrangements were a private matter outside the jurisdiction of tribal courts.

The Supreme Court's ruling underscored that the ICWA's provisions are binding and must be honored, affirming the jurisdiction of the Mississippi Choctaw tribal courts over child custody cases involving tribal members. The Court reasoned that tribal sovereignty is a fundamental principle of US law, capable of maintaining jurisdiction over matters affecting its members, thus solidifying the role of tribal courts in overseeing the welfare of Native American children.

This case marked an important affirmation of tribal self-determination and the prerogative of tribal entities to govern family law within their communities. The designation of jurisdiction allowed tribal courts to continue advocating for the welfare and rights of Native American children according to tribal law, emphasizing cultural values and traditions while ensuring adherence to federal mandates implemented through the ICWA.