The conflict began primarily due to disputes over resource-rich territories, especially the Atacama Desert, which contained significant nitrate deposits vital for fertilizers and explosives. In response to Chile’s enforcement of tax laws on Bolivian businesses within the territory, Bolivia sought to reclaim its sovereignty, leading to its declaration of war against Chile. Chile responded not only militarily but also claimed further territorial interests by declaring war on Peru. This marked the start of the War of the Pacific, a bitter conflict that lasted until 1884.

After the initial declarations of war, both nations mobilized their armies and navies, with significant battles occurring at sea and on land. Peru's involvement introduced additional complexities, as negotiations and national interests converged in the struggle for supremacy over the resource-rich desert. The war drew in multiple players, including Great Britain, which maintained a vested interest in the region's nitrate production.

As Chilean forces advanced northwards, they secured victories that would ultimately lead to the occupation of both Bolivian and Peruvian territories. The war concluded with the Treaty of Ancón in 1884, resulting in Chile gaining control of significant territories including the entire coastal region of Bolivia, thus transforming regional geopolitics significantly.