Space Shuttle Discovery was launched on STS-131, its 33rd mission, with the primary objective of resupplying the International Space Station (ISS). Liftoff took place at 6:21 AM EDT from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This mission represented a significant step in NASA's ongoing partnership with international agencies in maintaining the ISS's long-term operational capacity. The shuttle carried the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) named Leonardo, which housed critical supplies, equipment, and scientific experiments for the ISS crew. The MPLM was essential for advancing multiple research projects necessary for scientific progress in space.

The crew for STS-131 included Commander Alan Poindexter, Pilot James P. Dutton Jr., and Mission Specialists Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson, Naoko Yamazaki, and mission specialists. The team worked in coordination to ensure a seamless transfer of cargo to the ISS. The space mission lasted approximately 15 days, during which the astronauts conducted various tasks, including spacewalks and installations of the delivered supplies. This mission highlighted the importance of international collaboration in space research and exploration.

Additionally, this shuttle mission was particularly notable for its emphasis on advanced robotics capabilities, as the crew operated robotic arms to assist with unloading and installation processes. Upon successful completion of STS-131, Discovery returned to Earth, landing on April 20, 2010, concluding a vital mission that contributed to the operational history of the ISS.