The Upper Big Branch Mine explosion, which occurred in Montcoal, West Virginia, marked one of the deadliest coal mining disasters in the United States in recent history. On April 5, 2010, a massive explosion ripped through the mine, trapping thirty-nine miners underground. Rescue teams were dispatched immediately, but due to hazardous conditions, including high levels of methane gas, only ten miners were rescued. Tragically, twenty-nine miners lost their lives. This catastrophic incident highlighted critical safety failures, notably in gas monitoring and ventilation systems, which ultimately facilitated the disaster. As investigations began, the focus turned to the mining company, Massey Energy, and its adherence to safety regulations.

In the aftermath, it was revealed that the mine had a history of safety violations. Regulators and safety advocates criticized Massey Energy for an alleged culture of prioritizing production efficiency over worker safety. The federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) launched an extensive investigation into the practices at the Upper Big Branch Mine and the broader implications for mine safety across the industry.

The incident galvanized public opinion regarding coal mining operations and safety protocols. Families of the deceased miners sought justice and accountability, leading to legislative discussions around improving coal mining regulations. Additionally, the disaster contributed to the ongoing debate over the safety of fossil fuels and the future of coal mining in the United States, marking a pivotal point in national policy considerations related to mining safety and worker rights.