The siege of Constantinople in 1453 was a critical conflict that marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, sought to expand his territory and control a city that had been a bastion of Christianity and a center of trade for centuries. The Ottomans began their assault on April 6, 1453, utilizing large cannons designed by Hungarian engineer Orban, which could break through the fortress walls of the city. The initial bombardments created significant destruction, allowing the Ottomans to make gradual advances into the city. Despite the valiant defense led by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, the walls of Constantinople, though historically resilient, could not withstand the sustained artillery siege.As the siege progressed, Mehmed II introduced innovative military strategies and mobilized troops from various regions. The siege lasted for over 50 days, characterized by both fierce combat and tactical maneuvers. The climactic moment arrived on May 29 when the Ottomans breached the city’s defenses. The aftermath of the siege saw widespread looting and destruction in Constantinople, but it also marked the spread of Islamic influence in the region. Following the conquest, Mehmed II transformed the city, establishing it as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire and renaming it Istanbul, symbolizing both a change in political power and religious dominance.