The formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission marked a significant shift in American policy regarding nuclear technology and energy. Preceding the establishment, the Manhattan Project had been the primary military effort focused on developing atomic bomb technology during World War II. As the war was nearing its end, the need for a consistent and specialized oversight body became evident to manage the complexities and potential dangers associated with nuclear energy. Formed by the Atomic Energy Act, the AEC was tasked with regulating atomic energy production, research, and the use of nuclear weapons. Headquartered in Washington D.C., it was crucial for the transition from military to peacetime uses of atomic energy, fostering research in energy production while addressing safety and environmental concerns.

In the lead-up to its creation, there was a growing awareness of the powerful implications of nuclear technology, with discussions surrounding both its military potential and peaceful application. The AEC's role also included ensuring that the United States could maintain its edge in atomic capabilities against the backdrop of emerging geopolitical tensions, particularly with the Soviet Union. It gained the authority over the administration and development of nuclear energy and was essential in shaping policies that influenced both national security and energy strategies in the subsequent decades.