The Bavarian Soviet Republic was established in April 1919, amid significant political turmoil in Germany following the end of World War I. Inspired by the Russian Revolution, a group of leftist workers and soldiers declared a Soviet republic in Bavaria, seeking to implement revolutionary changes in governance and economics. As tensions rose, the newly formed government faced considerable opposition from conservative forces and the Reichswehr, the regular army of Germany. The situation escalated when it became evident that the leaders of the Bavarian Soviet Republic were struggling to gain widespread support and maintain stability.

On May 1, 1919, German troops, notably units from the Reichswehr, swept into Munich to confront the socialist government's hold on power. The troops quickly engaged in skirmishes with the Red Guards and militias loyal to the Soviet republic. The military's swift advancement was part of a broader counterrevolutionary reaction across Germany, where many viewed the socialist movement as a threat to traditional values and national unity.

The violent clashes that ensued resulted in significant casualties and turmoil within the city. As government forces battled their way through Munich, the leaders of the Bavarian Soviet Republic realized their grip on power was slipping. By the end of May, the republic was dismantled, and the subsequent government reinforced a conservative and nationalist agenda in Bavaria, solidifying the military's role in political affairs.