In May 1998, India undertook a series of nuclear tests at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan, marking a pivotal moment in its defense strategy and national identity. Known as Operation Shakti, these tests included three underground detonations of nuclear devices, which aimed to validate India's nuclear deterrent capability. The backdrop to these tests included not only India's concerns regarding its regional adversary Pakistan, which had pursued its own nuclear program, but also broader geopolitical tensions involving nuclear powers such as China. The decision to proceed with the tests was significantly influenced by a hawkish political stance under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who aimed to solidify India’s rights to secure sovereignty and technological autonomy.The tests were met with both national pride and international condemnation. While many in India celebrated the successful detonations as a demonstration of scientific achievement and national strength, global powers expressed deep concern about nuclear proliferation and the potential escalation of an arms race in South Asia. Following the tests, the Indian government faced economic sanctions and political pressure from various nations aimed at curbing nuclear proliferation. Nonetheless, India maintained its stance on the necessity of nuclear arms for national security, pushing back against global criticism. In the next few weeks, India would affirm its commitment to nuclear strategy as well as diplomatic engagement in the region, especially with regard to its relationship with Pakistan, which would soon respond with its own series of tests, further heightening regional tensions.