The anti-National Service riots were sparked by a proposal from the colonial government of Singapore to implement compulsory national service for all male citizens, a policy viewed with strong disfavor among the Chinese middle school students. On May 13, 1954, students from various schools organized a massive protest, motivated by a combination of political concerns and cultural pride. They feared that national service would disrupt their education and lead to the conscription of young men into military service, potentially exacerbating civil tensions and limiting their future prospects.

In the lead-up to the riots, the atmosphere in Singapore was tense, as political sentiments were on the rise amidst a growing independence movement. The protest quickly escalated, with thousands of students taking to the streets of Singapore. The riots saw students clashing with police and authorities, as they expressed their grievances not just about national service, but also against British colonial rule. The demonstrations were characterized by students waving banners and chanting slogans, showcasing their unity and determination.

The government responded with a heavy-handed approach, deploying police to disperse the crowds, which only incited further unrest. The students’ actions highlighted their increasing political consciousness and ability to mobilize against policies that they believed were infringing on their rights. This event underscored the growing tensions in the society and set off a series of protests in the subsequent months and years that would eventually contribute to Singapore's struggle for autonomy and influence its path to self-governance.