In May 1998, India reignited its nuclear ambitions with a series of tests at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. Following the initial tests on May 11, which were met with surprise by the global community, India proceeded to conduct two additional nuclear tests on May 13. These tests marked India's second nuclear series, affirming its status as a nuclear-armed state after its first nuclear detonation in 1974. The tests were publicly acknowledged by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, stating India's commitment to national security and its capability to defend itself. The motivations behind these tests were rooted in regional security concerns, particularly relating to perceived threats from neighboring countries, notably Pakistan and China.

The international reaction was swift and severe. The United States government, alarmed by the prospect of nuclear proliferation, imposed economic sanctions on India. Japan, a significant economic partner for India, quickly followed suit. This diplomatic fallout underscored the tensions between national security interests and international non-proliferation norms. The tests prompted widespread condemnation from various global leaders, reflecting the international community's concern over regional stability. As India sought to reinforce its military posture, questions arose about the future of nuclear policies in the South Asian region, as tensions between India and Pakistan escalated following these developments.

The subsequent international sanctions moved to restrict India's access to certain technology, financial resources, and international support, impacting India's economic engagements. Nevertheless, the nuclear tests served as a pivotal moment in India’s defense strategy and marked a critical juncture in its relations with major powers, shifting the dynamics of South Asian geopolitics significantly.