The Battle of Utsunomiya Castle was part of the larger Boshin War, a civil war in Japan that took place from 1868 to 1869 between the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to restore power to the Emperor. By May 1868, the Imperial forces gained momentum, leading to various engagements. Utsunomiya Castle, strategically located, became a focal point for the Tokugawa supporters who sought to defend their remaining strongholds against the advancing Imperial troops.

In the days leading up to the battle, the Tokugawa shogunate forces were increasingly isolated and faced overwhelming numbers from the Imperial army. This resulted in a series of confrontations around Utsunomiya Castle, which had historical significance and long been a site of military defense. After fierce fighting, the situation for the Tokugawa forces became untenable, prompting a retreat northward to regroup and seek further support.

The withdrawal from Utsunomiya Castle culminated in a critical juncture for the Boshin War, affecting the momentum both sides had. While the Imperial forces celebrated their tactical victory, the Tokugawa loyalists exemplified the bravery and commitment to their cause, albeit in a moment of adversity. This defeat marked an important aspect of the Tokugawa shogunate's decline, amplifying the shift in power dynamics towards the Imperial restoration that was pivotal for Japan's modernization in subsequent years.