In a decisive and controversial political maneuver, Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis executed a self-coup on May 15, 1934, effectively suspending the existing constitution of Latvia and dissolving the Saeima, the country's parliament. This action transpired against a backdrop of increasing political instability and economic difficulties that had plagued Latvia in the early 1930s, as various political factions struggled for control amid rising social discontent. Ulmanis, who had initially come to power in a relatively democratic setting, believed that his actions were necessary to bring about stability and order in a nation rife with political factions and chaos.

Ulmanis' government quickly moved to assert control, announcing a transition to a new government structure that marginalized the political influence of the Saeima. His regime implemented various policies aimed at economic recovery and national unity, alongside suppression of opposition parties and dissent. By consolidating power, Ulmanis aimed to fortify Latvia's independence, especially in the context of growing regional tensions in Europe during the interwar years. The loyal support from various sectors, including the military and industry, enabled him to maintain strict governance and implement significant state-led economic reforms.

This self-coup initiated a period of authoritarian rule that would last until the incorporation of Latvia into the Soviet Union in 1940. Ulmanis’ government is marked by strong nationalist policies and an emphasis on agrarian reforms. Despite some economic successes during his regime, such as improving agricultural outputs, Latvia's political freedoms were heavily curtailed, which had lasting effects on its civil society and political landscape. His actions have been the subject of historical debate, with assessments varying from support for national recovery to criticism of authoritarianism.