In May 1940, during World War II, the Netherlands was invaded by German forces as part of a larger military strategy designed to swiftly incapacitate the Allies. The operation, known as Fall Gelb, aimed for a quick conquest of the Low Countries, making use of Blitzkrieg tactics which combined rapid movement of infantry, aircraft, and armored divisions. The Dutch had not anticipated such an aggressive incursion, and their defenses were unprepared. Over the ensuing days, fierce clashes occurred, including notable battles at locations such as The Hague and Rotterdam, during which Dutch troops faced the might of a well-equipped and coordinated German military apparatus.

Despite their resolve, the Dutch defenses were overwhelmed. The crucial decision came on May 15 after significant losses; Dutch troops faced a difficult choice as the Germans threatened Rotterdam, famously bombing parts of the city, leading to extensive civilian casualties and destruction. On this day, Dutch military leaders, recognizing the futility of further resistance—and fearing more widespread devastation—chose to surrender, officially conceding control to Germany. The capitulation initiated a prolonged occupation that would last until May 1945, fundamentally altering Dutch society and politics during the war years.