Édith Cresson rose to prominence within the French Socialist Party, leading to her historic appointment as France's first female Prime Minister in 1991. Her leadership occurred during a politically charged period marked by economic difficulties, high unemployment rates, and social tensions. Cresson, who had previously held the role of Minister of European Affairs, was selected by President François Mitterrand to oversee an ambitious governmental agenda aimed at revitalizing the French economy and implementing social reforms. Cresson's government focused on issues such as public health, education, and employment policies, attempting to create a more inclusive society. However, she faced continuous opposition and challenges from both political rivals and public dissent, exemplifying the complex landscape of French politics at the time.

A notable aspect of Cresson’s tenure was her dedication to increasing women's representation in politics, advocating for equal opportunities and social justice. Despite her aspirations and the goals she set, resistance to her policies mounted, culminating in significant public protests against various social reforms and economic policies. Cresson’s government struggled to maintain public support amid these growing tensions, resulting in her departure from the office after just over a year.

Her tenure, albeit short-lived, paved the way for future female leaders in French politics and served as an example of the evolving role of women in government. Cresson's appointment symbolized progress in gender equality, raising awareness of women's issues and influencing the dialogue surrounding women's participation in leadership roles, despite the hurdles she faced.