As tensions rose between the Spanish populace and French occupiers, the streets of Madrid erupted into chaos on May 2, 1808. Discontent had been brewing in Spain following the Napoleon's imposition of French rule and the removal of the Spanish king, Charles IV. Spanish citizens, inspired by growing sentiments of nationalism and angered by the French military presence, took to the streets armed with whatever they could find, determined to resist the foreign troops. Clashes occurred near the Príncipe Pío hill, where civilians faced well-armed French soldiers. The brutal violence marked a significant turn in the Peninsular War, as ordinary people engaged in insurrection against a far superior military force. The uprising was fueled by rumors of the French capture of Spanish royals and the intent to enforce a stricter regime in Madrid.

The rebellion quickly spread across the city, embodying a raw and passionate call for independence. Armed civilians engaged in hand-to-hand combat, leading to significant casualties on both sides. This insurrection was part of a larger pattern of resistance occurring throughout Spain, as the French occupation faced increasing hostility. The aftermath of the rebellion revealed the fractures within Spanish society, but also underscored a burgeoning sense of unity against a common foe. The event was crucial for the development of Spanish identity and nationalism, which would continue to shape the conflict and ensure it resonated with future generations.

Francisco de Goya, a prominent painter of the time, captured this intense moment in his artwork 'The Second of May 1808', which visually narrates the clash between the people and French troops, immortalizing the bravery and sacrifice of the Spanish populace. His work not only serves as a powerful political statement but also highlights the role of artists in shaping historical narratives during times of conflict. This uprising was a pivotal moment in the early stages of the Peninsular War and would ultimately contribute to the protracted struggle for Spanish independence from French hegemony.