In 1941, Iraq was in a volatile political climate following the establishment of a pro-Axis government. The coup d'état against Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah, who was supported by the United Kingdom, posed a significant threat to British interests in the Middle East. Concerns over oil resources and access to supply routes during World War II prompted a rapid response from the UK. On May 5, British forces landed in Iraq. The military operation aimed to reinstate Abd al-Ilah and counter the German influence expanding in the region.

The British landings began with airstrikes and assaults on key locations like the capital, Baghdad. Iraqi forces, comprising elements loyal to the nationalist regime, mounted a defense. However, they were hampered by logistical challenges, less experience compared to British forces, and a lack of external support. Clashes occurred in various cities as British troops advanced toward Baghdad.

The conflict culminated on May 31 when British troops successfully entered Baghdad, leading to the reinstatement of Abd al-Ilah. With the British reasserting control, significant repercussions would follow in Iraqi politics and the broader Middle Eastern landscape. The war highlighted the complexities of national sovereignty versus foreign intervention during a global conflict, and the long-term implications influenced post-war Iraqi politics well into the latter half of the century.