Following the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Cuba was occupied by American troops, which led to a period of American military administration. The Platt Amendment, enacted in 1901, allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and established terms for Cuba's sovereignty. However, the amendment also catalyzed a push for greater autonomy among Cuban leaders who were committed to the principles of self-governance and independence.

On May 20, 1902, Cuba officially gained its independence as Tomás Estrada Palma became the nation’s first elected president. Palma was a significant figure in the Cuban War of Independence against Spain and had spent years advocating for Cubans' right to self-determination. His presidency marked the start of a republic characterized by aspirations to develop a stable political system amid various challenges, including economic dependency and political instability.

As the inaugural leader, Palma faced the daunting task of unifying a country that was still recovering from colonial rule and was divided by political factions. His administration focused on building infrastructure, establishing public education, and promoting economic growth, all while navigating the complexities of U.S.-Cuban relations and ensuring that national priorities were at the forefront.