Tensions between North Yemen and South Yemen, which united in 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen, had been simmering due to longstanding political, economic, and cultural differences. Southern leaders, feeling marginalized by the northern government led by President Ali Abdullah Saleh, sought greater autonomy and ultimately attempted to revive their independence as the Democratic Republic of Yemen. As political negotiations broke down, armed conflict erupted in May 1994. The South's call for independence galvanized various military factions, resulting in a fierce and devastating civil war.

Fighting erupted in regional strongholds, with armed forces from the South, under the leadership of Ali Salim al-Beidh, clashing with the northern military. The conflict quickly escalated, involving heavy artillery and airstrikes in populated urban areas. Key cities such as Aden became central points of conflict, leading to significant civilian displacement and humanitarian crises. The war saw brutal tactics employed by both factions, leading to widespread human rights violations and international concern over civilian safety.

The international community, while largely monitoring the situation, proved reluctant to intervene directly, resulting in a prolonged conflict. By mid-summer, the northern forces had largely regained control, solidifying the unity of the Republic of Yemen. However, the consequences of the civil war remained long-lasting, contributing to ongoing political instability and strife in the region in the following decades.