In a landmark referendum, Montenegro's citizens were given the opportunity to vote on their independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Advocates for independence argued that Montenegro had a distinct cultural and historical identity, deserving of full sovereignty. Polling data indicated a growing sentiment for independence over several years, fostered by efforts to strengthen Montenegrin national identity, including the revival of the Montenegrin language and flag. When the final votes were counted, 55% of participating Montenegrins voted in favor of independence, paving the way for a declaration of statehood.

The context of this referendum was rooted in the dissolution of Yugoslavia during the 1990s, which saw various republics seek greater autonomy or independence. Following a series of conflicts and political upheaval, Montenegro and Serbia formed a new union in 2003, but tensions regarding self-determination persisted. The referendum was a culmination of this struggle, and the participation rate of over 86% reflected the public's engagement with this critical issue.

After the referendum, Montenegro officially declared its independence on June 3, 2006, becoming one of the world's newest nations. The action marked the end of a long-standing union with Serbia, and the international community largely recognized Montenegro's sovereignty shortly thereafter. The referendum was heralded as a culmination of the democratic processes in the Balkans, and it set a precedent for subsequent discussions about self-determination in the region.